Ambiguity of the Concept of Death a Comparison of ÂDo Not...

Who does not cower in fear upon the thought of death? Almost everybody does! However, people have differing views on the abstract idea of dying. In examining the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? by Emily Dickinson and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night? by Dylan Thomas, it is evident that the poets use contrasting and comparative techniques in their unique presentations of the concept of death. In the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? Emily Dickinson presents the idea of acceptance of death, whereas in the poem Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night? Dylan Thomas presents the idea of refusal and opposition to death. Despite the differences in theme, these two poets both use similar figurative language devices, such as†¦show more content†¦Thomas provides examples of wise, good, wild and grave men to extend his idea of rejection to death. For example, wise men? should not accept death so easily until their words and actions have forked lightning? even though they understand the inevitability of death; grave men? who are so close to death should definitely not give in to death for they see the happiness in life (Blind eyes could blaze like meteors). By providing these four examples, Thomas pleads his father to curse? him with his fierce tears? and fight against death. Although both of the poems consist of death, the attitude and beliefs are evidently different. The theme for Because I Could Not Stop For Death?is the acceptance of death whereas the theme for Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night?is the refusal of death. Despite thematic differences between these poems, the uses of figurative devices to present their themes have some similarities. Poets often use figurative language to deepen and expand the meaning of their poems. Some of the figurative devices that Dickinson uses in her poem are imagery and personification. At the start of the poem, Death? is being personified as the speakers fianc?(since the speaker wears her gossamer go wn?) who kindly stopped for me [the speaker]?. Then in stanza 4, the first line, the setting sun? is being described as if it were a human who passed [es] us [speaker and Death]?. The effective use of personification provokes extensive thoughtShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesStephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.....................................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesindex. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4Read MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 PagesPablicist Style, Newspaper Style, Scientific Prose Style). And finally in the chapter eleventh it is analysed psychology and advertising. Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Chapter I. What is an advertising, its definition?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 1. Advertising and the Modern World†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 2. Advertising all over the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Chapter II. Types of advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Read MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesPublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.SRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesPublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, URead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesStudents achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to ApplicationsRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesClark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, UniversityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesinformation science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright  © 2007 by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced

The Effect Of A Home Based Exercise Intervention On...

The purpose of this paper is present a synopsis of the article titled, The Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention on Postnatal Depression and Fatigue: A Randomized Control Trial. This synopsis addresses the following items: purpose or objective, background, primary independent and dependent variables, main findings of the literature review, methods, statistical tests used and rationale for each, primary outcomes, results or findings, conclusions, and evidence rating using the SORT and GRADE evidence rating methods. Purpose, Objective(s)/Aim(s) Fatemeh Mohammadi, Jamileh Malakooti, Jalil Babapoor heiroddin, and Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, 2014 stated, â€Å"this study aims to determine the effectiveness of home-based low-intensity stretching and breathing exercises on the reduction of 1 and 2 month post-partum depression (primary outcome) and fatigue (secondary outcome) scores.† Background and Variables The role of becoming a mother has many effects on a woman such as new roles, major responsibilities, money issues, increased unpaid workload, and harm to body image. These issues cause many women to suffer from postnatal fatigue and depression. These psychological issues can interfere with the mother’s ability to care for her new baby. The independent variable in this study is the home-based antenatal and postnatal exercise program. The dependent variable will be decreased depression and fatigue. Main Findings of the Literature Review The health ofShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression On High Income Countries1555 Words   |  7 PagesDepression, in general, affects more than 340 million people around the world and is reported to be the highest cause of disability in high-income countries (Demissie). 15% to 85% of mothers can experience postpartum â€Å"blues† with postpartum depression rates between 11.7% and 20.4% in the United States alone (Ersek). This depression can occur at anytime from post-delivery up to one year (Ersek). Giving birth comes with a wide variety of changes including physical, emotion and social. There are veryRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 Pagesthe surface of the body with cooler air of the surrounding space. Convection occurs passively as warmer air at the surface of the body rises away from the body and is replaced by cooler air, but fans or wind may aid the process. *The combined effect of conduction and convection by wind is conventionally measured as the windchill factor. - Vasodilation Peripheral vasodilation increases heat loss by diverting core-warmed blood to the surface of the body. As the core-warmed blood passes through

Multinational Enterprises (MNE) Free Essays

This paper takes the position that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) do improve rather than exploit foreign labor’s working conditions on the ground that globalization has been adopted by more countries, and that this must be deemed to have s resulted to more benefits for the workers of these countries who wanted these MNEs to come in to their countries. The increasing number of countries who want to join the WTO further proves that MNE could thrive to help the economies and working conditions of many. This paper will support with evidence the above thesis by leaning on the positive view of the coin that it is more plausible for multinationals in particular to do good rather than exploit the working condition of foreign countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Multinational Enterprises (MNE) or any similar topic only for you Order Now When more countries adopt globalization (Editorial, 2000) as economic strategy by joining the WTO, MNEs are in effect encouraged to do more of their business across countries. To argue otherwise that globalization will discourage MNE is simply against theory and human experience. If WTO has the objective of less restricted economic ties among members, more trade investment liberalization is also expected. This would be consistent with what   BIAC (2003) claimed that trade and investment liberalization foster economic growth, creates wealth and improves labor conditions, and will also end up in a better division of labor between countries based on comparative advantage.   Liberalization will in turn promote a focus on productivity improvement, management skills and facilitates integrated links to markets (BIAC, 2003) since globalization encourages the growth of foreign direct investment (Kumar N. and Pradhan J.P., 2002). Countries that have more MNEs have resulted to more benefits for the workers of said countries.   The existence of MNE in different countries as evidenced by more foreign direct investments (Hansen H. and Rand J. ,2004) are also proofs of continuing trust of host governments for the   beneficial effects of MNEs in terms of more employment opportunities and better lifestyle of those working in MNEs than their local counterparts. Given these two arguments and their corresponding proofs opposing persons of globalization have their criticism as discussed below. It is being claimed by people who oppose globalization that multinational national enterprises exploit labor in poor countries.   Bhagwati (2005) mentioned the fact that anger has been aroused by the supposition that rich, deep-pocketed corporations pay   unjust or inadequate wages to their workers outside their home country and that these MNE are even branded as labor rights violators (Bhagwati, 2005).   The line argument of the critics is centered on the assertion that that if a certain branded product   sells for $200 in New York, the female worker or laborer abroad who sews it and for which the MNE paid   only 60 cents an hour, exploitation was already believed to be found. A reasonable mind would readily see the flaw in the argument as there was no forcing on the part of the MNE to have the female laborer to do the work at 60 cents per hour.   It was a free market where a typical entrepreneur would like to produce a product at a lower cost.   If the business entity is not an MNE, would there be no exploitation also?   The critic’s argument simply appears faulty in the crucible of common sense.   Could it be that MNE which can move its goods across countries that solidifies the exploitation?   Said argument would be faulty as well since it must be made clear that the MNE still has to spend transportation cost, distribution cost and even tariff duties in bringing the goods from third world country to the United States. To further prove the lack of merit of the claim that MNEs pay their workers only minimal   wages,   Bhagwati (2005) cited a recent study of the profits performance of more than two hundred   companies in the 1999 Fortune Global 500 list which a very minimal profit on foreign assets of only 8.3.   This means that the foreign companies may just be earning just same or a little above their cost of capital. In countries where there are strong political and economic risks, the 8.3 % could should still be reduced by inflation factor and this could make it lower than the price of just simply making investment in the US treasury bills which ranges about 4 to 5%.   It is therefore very hard to see the evidence of exploitation if the it meant the huge profit despite against low labor costs in poor countries. Another evidence cited on wage payments were on good empirical studies that have been conducted in Bangladesh, Mexico, Shanghai, Indonesia, Vietnam, and else where these studies revealed that that multinationals actually pay an average wage that is above the going rate in the area where these MNE are located.   It was also found that affiliates of some U.S. multinationals pay a higher rate over local wages that ranges from about forty to a hundred (Bhagwati ,2005). In another cited Bhagwati, (2005) cited confirmatory result from that of the economist Paul Glewwe, using Vietnamese household data for 1997-98, Glewwe found that workers in foreign-owned enterprises generally make almost twice the salary of the average worker employed by a local Vietnamese company. What comes out of the comparison made by critics on wages simply misread that needed to be compared.   Comparing the salary of a worker in the US with the counterpart worker in another of less economic status is simply faulty.   A better comparison is to be made by comparing the life style of an MNE worker than its counter part local worker since the advantage or disadvantage could only be felt in said place.   This was seems to be framework of Glewwe’ finding when the economist   pointed out that 1990s increases in Vietnam’s household income using per capita consumption expenditures as basis of measurement were above the   average increases for all Vietnamese households. (Bhagwati,2005) There are also accusations that global corporations violate labor rights.   Bhagwati(2005) reported that case of where anti-globalization activists having sometimes made and announced lie as in the case of IKEA which was accused of exploitative child labor by its suppliers but was latter found by a German film which has documented that the abuse was simply create by activists.   (Bhagwati ,2005).   Added to the example of faking by activist was the claim â€Å"that the chocolate sold in rich countries relies on slave labor by children in the cocoa plantations of the Ivory Coast† where is found that the stories and charges   were false. A more objective analysis of the claims and their arguments would reveal the weakness of these claims against MNE.   The lack of employment opportunities for poor countries has actually the government of these poor countries to open up their economies.   Opening up their economies allow their labor laws to be flexible enough to allow Men’s to complete in the global market (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1992). To conclude, there is basis to uphold the thesis of this paper as we have proven that the arguments claimed by those who oppose globalization are bereft of evidence or some of these evidences may have been manufactured to their own arguments.   Multinational enterprises do not impose their entry upon other poor countries as they are being invited to come into by the other countries act joining the WTO.   Such voluntary joining will carry the presumption that these MNE promotes employment generation and help in the economic growth of the countries opening up their economies rather exploit the working conditions of said countries. References: Adewumi (2006) The Impact of FDI on Growth in Developing Countries an African Experience, {www document} URL www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_hj_diva-711-1__fulltext.pdf, Accessed June 6, 2007 Bhagwati, J. (2005) Do Multinational Corporations Hurt Poor Countries?   {Www document}   URL, http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleid.18014/article_detail.asp, Accessed June 6, 2007 Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC), (2003) G8 Labor and Employment Ministers Conference â€Å"Growth and Employment: The Future of an Active Society in a Changing World† Statement of the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC), Stuttgart, Germany, December 14-16, 2003, {www document} URL http://www.biac.org/statements/elsa/Final_2003_G8_Stuttgart_BIAC_Statement.pdf, Accessed June 6, 2007 Editorial (2000) Merged with Tide of Economic Globalization, People’s Daily Online, {www document} URL http://english.people.com.cn/english/200002/01/eng20000201A106.html, Accessed June 6, 2007 Hansen H. and Rand J. (2004) ‘‘on the casual link between FDI and growth in developing countries’’.   Discussion papers, Institute of Economics, University of Copehagen.   Denmark Kumar N. and Pradhan J.P. (2002) ‘‘Foreign direct investment, externality and economic growth in developing countries: Some empirical explorations and implications for WTO negotiations on investment’’ Research and information system, New Delhi India. Samuelson and Nordhaus (1992), Economics, McGraw-Hill, Inc, London, UK    How to cite Multinational Enterprises (MNE), Essay examples

My Final Exam Story Essay Example For Students

My Final Exam Story Essay This was it. I put my pen down. Putting my pen down meant that it was the end. As I waited for the invigilators to come forward to collect my paper, I reflected on my journey. It was strangely both lonesome yet exciting as I made new friends along the way, like those from my study groups and coffee. Coffee and I had become best friends and I could not live without it. That was then. Perhaps it was now time to start having some new friends. It all began when I almost failed all my subjects and the endless chiding I received from my parents together with their disappointment made me so guilty. Thus it began, the eventful journey of helping myself. It started with all the snubs I received from my so-called ‘friends’ as the fact that I was pulling my socks up offended those around me, as I received questions like why I was suddenly such a ‘nerd’, why I could not be as laid back as them and take things easy. I was eventually left to my own devices and became the class outcast. Who would have thought the act of trying to improve oneself led to reducing one’s social circle? It did not help my grades had not made any marked improvement and got me really thinking if I was really in a better place than before. One day, things changed. I had gone to the school library, dragging my heavy-laden bag to an empty table. As soon as I sat down, a girl approached me. She was from the next class and her name was Alice. Alice appeared shy but I detected a sense of determination behind her wide-rimmed glasses. After talking about a common teacher we shared, she asked me if I wanted to join her study group. I was stunned into silence. As I looked nervously over at her table to see the group of people sitting there, I was mildly taken aback that they looked as equally nervous as I was. Perhaps they have heard how notorious my class was and was thinking twice whether this was a good idea. I definitely was. After a moment’s hesitation, Alice mentioned that they met up with Mrs Tana every Wednesday afternoon to clarify any questions they had and I was welcome to join them then. That perked me up. Mrs Tana did not teach my class but she was famous as she was a good teacher. That Wednesday, I appeared at Alice’s group. The level of support I received from my new study group was encouraging. Even Mrs Tana, who did not know me well, said kind words after observing the amount of effort I put in my work despite my rather unintelligent questions. I could not have been anymore surprised how things had turned out. Of course that was only the first step. Things were not without challenges. My brother would pretend he was doing me a favour when I took a break from studying to use the computer of which he would loudly howl to my parents, â€Å"Mum, someone’s on the computer! † I gave him a deathly stare with a painful promise that he would get retaliation for that. However, all was forgotten as I received a message from Alice. Mrs Tana had informed her class that I had topped the level in Chemistry and had used me as an example to encourage her own students to work hard. I finally saw the light at the end of the tunnel.

Roman Roads free essay sample

Compare/contrast Roman roads to modern roads The Romans created many useful objects that people use today. For example, they created arches, domes, pizza, and many other great things. The strong Roman road stuck out in my mind because we use roads everyday. The modern road wouldnt be strong and durable enough if the tough Roman road wasnt created. One of the secrets behind the Roman roads success is the materials used to form it. The bottom layer of the mighty Roman road, called the fossa, is made up of fine dirt. The middle layer, called the pavimentum, is crafted with gravel or sand. The second to top layer, known as the radus, is made with fine concrete. The top layer, called the summum dorsum, is made with flat stones and concrete. Our modern roads are made with crushed rock, known as arggregate, at the bottom. Then there is the base, which is a huge layer of concrete in the middle. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Roads or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lastly, there is the pavement, called the super pave, at the top. Both Roman roads and modern roads have had many uses. One usage of the roads is for transportation of people. Another usage is the transportation of food and supplies. Lastly, both the Roman road and the modern road have been used for parades. There are quite a few similarities between Roman roads and modern roads. One of the similarities is that both are made up of a mixture of rocks and concrete. Also, both last a long time and are only only fixed when needed. Likewise, both usually have a drainage system on the sides of the road. Lastly, both supported parades when they were used. There are also differences between the Roman road and the modern road. For instance, Roman roads are older than modern roads and last longer. Also, modern roads have covered drains, while Roman roads have coverless ditches. Furthermore, Roman roads have tightly fitting stones on the surface while modern roads are paved on the surface. Lastly, Romans used horse drawn carriages, oxen drawn carriages, or chariots for transportation, while in modern times we use cars and bicycles to get around. Roman roads have a major effect on my life. I use roads to go to school and other places usually everyday. If there were no such thing as Roman roads, transportation would be harder today. Without roads, it would take me longer to go to school and such. Food and other necessities would take longer to come. Even if we use planes, we wouldnt have a smooth runway for takeoff. That is why Roman roads have a major effect on my life. Roman roads are important to us because because they make transportation easier. Without Roman roads, we wouldnt have durable roads today. I think the Roman road was a great invention because it helped make transportation quicker and easier. Also, Roman roads made the movement of goods faster. Most inventions that transport objects and such need a smooth, strong road to be successful. For example, airplanes need smooth runways, cars need strong roads, and helicopters need a safe landing platform. That is why I think the Roman road is a great architectural achievement.

The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses

The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses Introduction ERP systems are computer applications and management systems that integrate various business aspects and are used to manage resources, data, and functions (Buckley Casson, 2009). In essence, the ERP systems help to bring a seamless and robust system that supports business processes (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In supporting business operations, global or multinational firms have invested immensely on ERP systems. However, varied opinions on whether ERP systems capabilities are aligned to helping global businesses needs have been donated. The other conspicuous concern relates to whether ERP systems can help multinational firms to achieve enhanced performance. Although considerable studies have examined the role of ERP systems in supporting global firms, there is still need to research the effect of these systems on the growth of global firms (Beard Sumner, 2004). A lot of literature has been delivered to exhibit the impact of alignment of ERP systems to virtual and international businesses. This paper advances the contribution of the current literature on the role of ERP systems in growth of global businesses. Realizing the requirements to have accurate information, many global firms have decided to align ERP systems with global businesses from which organizational success can be achieved (Beard Sumner, 2004). Discussion There is a growing acceptance of the use of ERP systems across sections of the business world, especially among businesses that seek to globalize. Proponents of ERP systems suggest that with the growing competition, businesses are supposed to develop business systems that will bolster their processes as they exploit new markets. In this paper, I seek to explore the role and the effectiveness of ERP systems in global businesses. Arguably, ERP systems, just like other applications, may have limitations. Integration complexities and high initial investment costs are some of the outright downsides of ERP systems (Beard Sumner, 2004). However, studies conducted on companies that have fully or partially implemented ERP systems reveal that such businesses have managed to canvas the market and penetrate external markets more easily than have businesses with traditional approaches. The linkage between Global businesses Global businesses are businesses that have multinational operations and transfer goods, services, information, skills, and capital across boundaries. These business formations have unique information needs because of their integrated operations in geographically dispersed business units. The need for virtual organizations to source accurate and timely information to enhance business processes has necessitated the use of ERP systems (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009).Advertising Looking f or research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since ERP systems are seamless, they allow information sourcing and operating in different time zones requires global businesses to deploy enterprise systems to manage their operations. Global businesses deal with different global cultures as they move toward profiting from their operations (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009). In the effort to compete on the global platform, businesses conglomerate to form powerful business structures. However, these business units also need information systems as frontiers of global growth. Studies have shown that ERP systems help businesses to manage diversity (Beard Sumner, 2004). There is the need to establish accurate and timely information requirements that befit operations of global nature. As observed, the need to outsource consolidated information is an imperative aspect that global businesses are pushed to achieve. This is where the role of ERP systems comes into play. Clearly, the information required is massive and that traditional business strategies may fail to address challenges of accessing global enterprises (Beard Sumner, 2004). Enterprise Resource planning systems are management systems that enable businesses to have better international coordination, collaboration as strategies in the ambit of multination a business. The rising complexity in information needs of global businesses can be managed by the use of ERP systems due to the capacity of ERP systems to offer multi modular support system. Therefore, businesses, especially multinational and virtual organizations should envision robust capabilities suitable to manage virtual businesses. ERP systems have the capacity to offer an opportunity to arrive at tactical, operational and strategic decisions (Beard Sumner, 2004). Unlike traditional legacy, organizations deploying the regime of ERP systems are able to gather and ut ilize accurate information that can support the growth of businesses. Businesses that want to explore outside markets beyond country boundaries can decide to enter such markets through various strategies, including partnerships, alliances and mergers (Bouquet, Morrison Birkinshaw, 2009). Whether a business decides to take either of the above penetration methods, there is need to execute their techniques via feasible ERP systems. International organizations can use supply chains and third party businesses to approach businesses. ERP systems, according to supply chain professionals, integrate numerous supply chain units to derive business returns. In addition, businesses, with the help of ERP systems are able to support and enhance end-to-end business processes. These businesses have been found to support and coordinate business activities and track business-to-business (B2B) and business-customer (B2C) activities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Th e Role of ERP Systems in Managing Global Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the current global markets, manufacturers are continuously faced with challenges of dramatic reduction in sales margins alongside rising customer expectations. Being a business that seeks to have a successful supply chain system, it is arguable that global firms have the duty to embrace information visibility. The information needs of global firms are different from firms that invest in local and regional markets (Buckley Casson, 2009). ERP systems have been viewed as necessary ingredients in scheduling customer needs and delivering goods and services in following modern business philosophies such as Just-in-time. The ability of these business units separated by a wide geographic divide to collect customer information, analyze and disseminate the information can be achieved though implementing progressive ERP systems (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Integrated enterprise resource planning systems have the ability to help multinationals achieve effective and efficient production and delivery of goods and services. International businesses need to deploy systems that offer high visibility. ERP systems offer an incredible opportunity for global firms to have critical insight into globally competitive platform. ERP systems not only offer opportunities for business taking part in global operations beyond sheer management of operations. Savvy manufacturers and global units recognize the significance of integrated ERP systems in helping them realize their objectives and enable them create scenarios of effective response to the dynamics of global supply chain (Buckley Casson, 2009). ERP systems deliver seamless platforms that reorient such organizations to reduce their long-term IT costs. Global business units can achieve global visibility Achieving global visibility in a demand driven supply chain market is what many global firms are focused o n. In an age of tight competition and cost management, it is essential that manufactures optimize their resources as they continue to offer their unique goods and services (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Businesses need to identify and make use of their inventory and information capacities to derive profits and remain relevant in the market. As businesses engage other partners through supply chain systems and third party logistics, ERP systems are strategic business systems that provide solutions to problems of information sharing between global business, suppliers and customers. Understanding where resources are located, businesses have deployed several technologies to streamline their business operations (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). However, research shows that these technology platforms can rely on the right ERP systems to meet the expectations of organizations and their customers. With integrated information systems, ERP systems also support relationships and alliances (Bergeron, Raymo nd Rivard, 2004). The capacity to collect and share large volumes of information between different business units via ERP systems has been cited as a core business factor of success.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings of the research conducted on the impact of ERP systems have supported previous studies that conceptualization and alignment of ERP systems capacities creates a ground for improved business performance. The findings of the study establish that each global firm has unique information needs and that ERP platforms have the capacity to support B2B relationships and the flow of information (Buckley Casson, 2009). Managing global performance Many firms have argued that ERP systems have provided actionable information to employees and partners of global business across the world to make viable decisions (Aberdeen, 2007). Through integrating data and providing global visibility, ERP systems can provide quick route toward reduced costs, advanced speed and transparency that aims to improve customer satisfaction. The bottom line is that modern ERP systems have evolved into operating platforms that continue to scale global competition (Bergeron, Raymond Rivard, 2004). ERP systems have become popular business trends among global business organizations that seek to achieve efficacious operations in an era of global business. According to Bergeron, Raymond Rivard (2004), 15 trillion US dollars worth of trade from goods and $3.7 trillion from services are exchanged across borders every day. Analysts suggest that these figures are bound to increase as many businesses continue to appreciate the need for seamless exchange (Aberdeen, 2007). The number of firms are getting into global business are definitely on the increase to take advantage of the opportunities available from global markets. Many reasons have been used to explain why businesses are rushing to employ ERP systems. Increased global demand for goods and services, reduced trade barriers and the need to form multinational alliances are some of the reasons firms are seeking to invest in global business. ERP helps to reduce the costs incurred by an organization in running global activities (Bouquet, Morris on Birkinshaw, 2009). Gone are the days when firms or businesses had to hire many professionals in order to perform technical works such as accounting and network administration. ERP system helps to synchronize all global units and departmental functions with the help of software alone (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2003). Conclusion A growing body of knowledge confirms that the growing competition demands businesses to develop business systems that will bolster their processes as they exploit new markets. In the effort to compete on the global platform, businesses conglomerate to form powerful business structures. However, these business units also need information systems as frontiers of global growth. Studies have shown that ERP systems help businesses to manage diversity. Through integrating data and providing global visibility, ERP systems can provide quick route toward reduced costs, advanced speed and transparency that aims to improve customer satisfaction. Additionally, businesses wit h the help of ERP systems are able to support and enhance end-to-end business processes. These businesses have been found to support and coordinate business activities and track business-to-business (B2B) and business-customer activities. ERP systems deliver seamless platforms that reorient such organizations to reduce their long-term IT costs. References Aberdeen. (2007). The role of ERP in globalization. Boston, Massachusetts: Aberdeen Group. Bartlett, C. A. Ghoshal, S. (2003). What is a global manager? Harvard Business Review, 81(8): 101-108. Beard, J. W., Sumner, M. (2004). Seeking strategic advantage in the post-net era: viewing ERP systems from the resource-based perspective. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 13(2): 129-150. Bergeron, F., Raymond, L. Rivard, S. (2004). Ideal patterns of strategic alignment and business performance. Information Management, 41(8): 1003-1020. Bouquet, C., Morrison, A. Birkinshaw, J. (2009). International attention and multination al enterprise performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(1): 108-131. Buckley, P. Casson, M. (2009). The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1563-1580.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example A high net profit margin indicates that a company converts its sales into profits fast. The net profit margin also considers costs associated with the sale of products. There are several factors which triggered a decrease in the net profit margins. They include: a. Inventories Even though, a company treats inventories as an asset in the balance sheet, the cost of sales are not reported until a sale is actually made. Therefore, it is possible to calculate the cost of sales in inventories. However, market fluctuations can reduce the value of inventories which in turn lead to devaluation of net profit margins. An economic slowdown leads to slow moving inventories and decreases company sales and causes a negative impact on net profit margins. b. Price changes Changes in price affect the number of units sold which in turn influences the profits. It is challenging to price items correctly especially in a perfect market. Therefore, the price point of a product is a primary factor responsibl e for decreasing net profit margin. A decrease in price may in turn cause a decrease in net profit margins. c. ... Examples include rent, salaries and depreciation expenses. Even though, these costs do not change based on the volume or production and sales, they still influence the net profit margin. The gross profit margin is calculated as gross profit as a percentage of sales. According to Pamela and Frank (2010), an increase in gross profit margin from one period to another can be caused by one of the following factors: a) Increase in sales volume which in turn affect sales and the cost of sales b) Increase in sales price which affect sales revenue c) Reduction in the cost of production which affects cost of goods sold. Q2- Transactions or accounts that require additional audit effort The following are the transactions or accounts which require additional audit effort based on question one above: Revenues Operating expenses Inventories Cost of goods sold Q3- Additional Audit work In some situations, an auditor may perform additional procedures in order to determine the reliability of the under lying data (Spencer 2010). The auditor should get evidence from multiple sources depending on the risk of material misstatement and the quality and quantity of audit evidence required. Obtaining evidence from different sources or types increases the level of assurance. The additional audit procedures may include Computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs) and substantive tests. CAATs help in identifying anomalies from the selected items. However, audit evidence may be gotten from items not selected since the auditor uses professional judgment. Substantive tests entail the activities performed by the auditor during the audit so as to obtain evidence regarding the completeness, validity and accuracy of the account balances and the

Health Promotion and Health Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Promotion and Health Education - Essay Example Obese children also are at increased risk for dyslipidemia, both increased low-density lipoprotein levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels (Leung & Robson, 1990). Longitudinal data from the Bogolusa Heart Study indicates a significant risk for developing type 2 diabetes for obese adolescents (Srinivasan, Bao, Wattigney, & Berenson, 1996). Among those who were obese as adolescents, 2.4% had developed type 2 diabetes by the age of 30 compared to none in the non-obese population. The detrimental health effects of obesity are pervasive and enduring. Strauss (1999) reported that being an obese adolescent predicted early mortality even more consistently than obesity in adulthood. The complications related to obesity in youths are not limited to physical health. Obesity in adolescents also has been associated with fewer years of education, higher poverty, lower marriage rates and lower family income (Dietz, 1997; Maffeis & Tato, 2001). However, evidence for an association between overweight and obesity and low self-esteem are inconsistent. Some studies have found no significant relationship (e.g., Gortmaker, 1993; Renman, Engstrom, Silfverdal, & Aman, 1999), while others find that those children and adolescents who are obese exhibit significantly lower self-esteem than their peers (French, Story, & Perry, 1995). Israel and Ivanova (2002) posit that severity of obesity is related to self-esteem with those more severely obese experiencing the most damage to their self-esteem. This hypothesis has been validated in the findings among clinical populations where self-esteem has been significantly related to obesity status (Rumpel & Harris, 1994). The most consisten tly replicated psychosocial outcomes for obesity relate to negative body image (Israel & Ivanvova, 2002). In addition, clinically significant problems with memory functioning and learning abilities have been found among overweight children. These deficits are seemingly the result of sleep apnea, which has been reported at rates as high as 94% among samples of obese children (Brenner, Kelly, Wenger, Brich, & Morrow, 2001). 5.2 Overview of the proposed program In light of the pressing and prevalent problems posed by obesity, the researcher has proposed a cardiovascular risk reduction program which aims at assessing the health behaviors of elementary school children and impacting changes on both a school level and individual level. On the school level, the program aims to decrease the fat and sodium content of the lunch received by elementary students during the course of the school day while simultaneously increasing the level of physical activity among those students. On an individual level, the proposed program aims to first and foremost decrease the level of cholesterol in the blood of the students while secondarily impacting psychosocial changes through mandatory self-reporting as well as behavior modification for aversive health maintenance behavior. Essentially, this proposed program examines the efficacy of school and home-based interventions in impacting changes in children's behavior and promotes a lifestyle that will reduce their risk of heart disease. This program will target both the

The effects roe vs wade had on society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The effects roe vs wade had on society - Essay Example This essay examines the effects of the legalization of abortion on the United States political spectrum and on the effect it has had on the rights of women, and also attempts to quantify a shift in moral standards that critics and religious leaders claim are a direct result of the Supreme Court’s decision. One of the main effects of the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court ruling has been the significant reverberations felt by the political spectrum. In the wake of the decision the Republicans and Democrats political parties experienced a decisive split in perspectives that further divided the two major groups (Aster 8). With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, the Republican Party defined itself as pro-life (Aster 5). During 2004, the Republican platform outlined their position stating, â€Å"†¦we say the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed (Doan 90).† The same year the Democratic Party issued a pro-choice proclamation, â€Å"Because we believe in the privacy and equality of women, we stand proudly for a woman’s right to choose, consistent with Roe v. Wade (Doan 91).† Whereas previously party affiliations had been contingent on the member’s education or income level, the world after Roe vs. Wade increasingly expe rienced divisions based further on religious distinctions (Aster 194). As the two parties become increasingly divided in their political perspectives, a number of analysts and cultural critics noted a decrease in productive dialogue between the competing parties. For example, since the decision the appointment of Supreme Court Justices has focused predominantly on their stance on the abortion issue (Aster 198). Another important impact Roe vs. Wade had on society was changing the status of women. Feminists argue that the legalization of abortion has given women greater control over their lives and futures and had

Should Apes Have Human Rights?

Should Apes Have Human Rights? Should apes have human rights based on sign language? In todays society apes are considered to be animals and are given no rights even considerably close to humans, in fact, they have no rights to begin with. But rarely is the question asked, should apes have rights based on sign language and other communication skills? Absolutely not. Rights are a human concept, based on the idea of individuals, who, acting independently or having the freedom to do so should be treated equally by law. Animals dont act independent nor have the freedom to do so. They cannot take responsibility for their own actions, and they cannot like humans give enough effort to provide for or influence a society alone. In fact, they do not have a very well put together social group. Therefore, it makes no sense to give animals human rights just because they understand some parts of a human language and some sign language. But what about the questions of whether animals should have any special protection, such as protection from harm from owners or caretakers as they call them, or should they be kept from cages and set free in their natural habitat? Monkeys live together in social groups. All members contribute by helping to conserve, find, and defend food sources, raise their offspring, etc, just as people in a society do. But it isnt possible to live in a social group without some way or form of communication. Members of a social group need ways to influence and inform each other. This is what influences language. Monkeys have evolved many ways of communicating, including visual looks, auditory calls, etc. Some of their visual signals are very intriguing, like the long, curled tongue of the tamarin monkey, that signals to her mate when she wants to birth her babies. But visual signals only work if they can be seen. In the forest that most gorillas and apes live in, auditory and visual calls are a muc h more useful and powerful tool. Calls and vocalizations can also be changed through pitch, loudness, and duration, which means a vast list of messages can be transmitted through one ape to another. Alarm calls, territorial calls, food calls, personal identification calls, dominance calls, etc. these are the basic communication skills that animals need to successfully live in groups rather than be living on their own. But some developed more complex and specialized forms of auditory communication. Researchers and Specialists have spent years trying to learn how apes communicate and find out if they are able to learn human signals and language. In September of 1965 in West Africa the chimpanzee Washoe was born, and was one of the first apes to learn sign language as part of a research experiment on animal language acquisition. In the apes time on Earth, she learned exactly three hundred and fifty signs of communication. One day, one of Washoes caretakers who was pregnant missed work for a few months after she had an unfortunate miscarriage. Roger Fouts reviews the following situationPeople who should be there for her and arent are often given the cold shoulderher way of informing them that shes miffed at them. Washoe greeted Kat [Washoes caretaker] in just this way when she finally returned to work with the chimps. Kat made her apologies to Washoe, then decided to tell her the truth, signing MY BABY DIED. Washoe stared at her, then looked down. She finally peered into Kats eyes again and carefully signed CRY, touching her cheek and drawing her finger down the path a tear would make on a human (Chimpanzees dont shed tears). Also, when shown an image of herself, Washoe was asked what she saw and she signaled back Me, Washoe. This shows that apes are definitely capable of self-awareness. Another ape named Koko (born July 4, 1971) is a female gorilla born in the San Francisco Zoo known for learning a huge amount of signs, of a language that his caregiver Patterson calls gorilla sign language, or GSL. Kokos training began at the age of one, where she was exposed to human language, and by the time of her death, she understood over two thousand English words Koko is one of the few nonhuman animals that had pets. One year for Christmas Koko asked for a pet cat in 1983 so they gave her a lifelike toy cat, but Koko signed sad many times. So on her birthday in July 1984, she was able to choose a cat from a litter of abandoned kittens. Koko selected a gray cat and named him All Ball. According to Penny Patterson, Kokos owner, Koko cared for the kitten as if it was a baby gorilla, being very gentile and loving. Sadly, in December of 1984, All Ball escaped from Kokos cage, and was hit by a car. Later, Patterson said that when she signaled to Koko that All Ball had died, and Kok o signed Bad, sad, bad and Frown, cry, frown, sad. Recently, to celebrate her birthday in July 2015, Koko was presented another litter of kittens, Picking two of them, she named one Miss Black and one Miss Grey. These examples show that apes to can feel, and If we abuse apes, it goes against our human nature, because we know animals can feel pain and emotion to, and theres no good reasoning that this cant be law, yet not part of human rights. My argument is that we should always value the interest of humans over and above those of animals, which is why researching all animals- which can further medical advance and human knowledge is morally the best thing to do. Animal research could help to decide how smart monkeys really are, and how we should treat their kind as a whole. Based on Steven Wises research, it appears that animals such as apes possess certain cognitive abilities such as communication skills, attention, memory, judgement, problem solving, decision making, comprehension, etc., that make them smart enough to be free rather than in a cage at a zoo handled by humans to provide entertainment and big business. Steven Wise once said, For four thousand years, a thick and impenetrable legal wall has separated all human from all nonhuman animals. On one side, even the most trivial interests of a single species ours are jealously guarded. We have assigned ourselves, alone among the million animal species, the status of legal persons. On the other side of that wall lies the legal refuse of an entire kingdom, not just chimpanzees and bonobos but also gorillas, orangutans, and monkeys, dogs, elephants, and dolphins. They are legal things. Their most basic and fundamental interests their pains, their lives, their freedoms are intentionally ignored, often maliciously trampled, and routinely abused. Ancient philosophers claimed that all nonhuman animals had been designed and placed on this earth just for human beings. Ancient jurists declared that law had been created just for human beings. Although philosophy and science have long since recanted, the law has not. In conclusion, apes shouldnt have human rights, but they should be free and have rights of their own kind, made for their own kind, which should be bound by law, because they show several cases of self-awareness, communication skills, knowledge, attention, working memory, judgment, reasoning, problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language, etc. Several apes have shown these skills and though they may not be as smart as humans, they are smart enough and capable enough of living in their own society where they should be able to roam free instead of being shown off in a zoo or being sold as product Works Cited Barlow, Rich Something. Should Chimps Have the Rights of People? Bostonia. Rich Barlow, 19 Sept. 2013. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. OstlerKCL, Sophia. Should Monkeys Be Granted Human Rights? The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. Should Animals Have The Same Rights As People? Popular Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_(gorilla)#Koko.27s_pets Spearmint: Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Spearmint: Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Review: Yousuf, P. (2013). Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effect of Mentha spicata (Spearmint). British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,3(4), 854-864. doi:10.9734/bjpr/2013/4640 Mentha spicata (Spearmint) is often used as an alternative treatment for inflammation, fever, and pain relief.   All of these problems can present symptoms such as cramps, headache, joint stiffness, and general aches and pains.   Inflammation, pain and fever can all be treated with over the counter drugs such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, but these drugs can often have severe side effects if used long term.   Many essential oils have been used in aromatherapy and proven to be effective in treating pain relief, inflammation and fever.   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect of Mentha spicata (spearmint). The test subjects for this study were young Swiss-Albino mice about 4-5 weeks in age with an average weight of 25-30 gm and adult Albino rats with an average weight of 100-130 gm.   The study was conducted at the animal house of the Department of Pharmacy, North Sough University, Bangladesh.   Subjects were kept for one week in standard housing at 25 degrees Celsius in order to adapt before testing proceeded.   Animals were also given standard food and water. Separate tests and methods were given for each of the items being looked at: anti-inflammation, fever and pain.   For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect, the method used was carrageenan induced rat paw edema.   This method induces acute swelling when a solution of carrageenan in saline is injected into the hind footpad of the subjects.   The rats were randomly divided into four groups, each with five animals.   Group I was the control group, and only given distilled water.   Group II was given Ketorolac (10mg/kg) as standard, and Groups III and IV were given the test sample at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively.   Thirty minutes after the oral administration of the test materials, 1% carrageenan was injected into the left hind paw of each animal.   The amount of paw edema was measured at  ½, 1, 2, 3, and 6 hours after administration.   For the evaluation of antipyretic (fever) activity, Brewers yeast-induced pyrexia was used.   Wister alb ino rats were selected, weighed and divided into three groups of five animals each.   All the test subjects were fasted 18 hours prior to experiment, but water was given.   Fever was induced by injecting 20 ml/kg of 20% aqueous suspension of Brewers yeast in saline below the nape of the neck.   Rectal temperature was taken immediately before and 18 hours after injection.   Prior to the experiment, the rats were maintained in separate cages for 7 days and the animals with approximately constant rectal temperature were selected for the study. Paracetamol (100 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for comparing the antipyretic action of extract. The extract at the doses of 500 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally, one group was administered with paracetamol (100 mg/kg) control group was given 0.5 ml normal saline. The rectal temperature was measured at 1, 2 and 3 h after drug administration by using digital thermometer. Percentage reduction in rectal temperature was calculated b y considering the total fall in temperature to normal level.   Two methods of evaluation were used to test the analgesic effects.   The first was a hot plate test.   The temperature was regulated at 55 °  ± 1 °C. Mice were divided into four groups consisting of five animals in each group. The mice of each group were placed in the beaker (on the hot plate) in order to obtain its response to electrical heat induced pain. Licking of the paws or jumping out of the beaker was taken as an indicator of the animals response to heat-induced pain. The time for each mouse to lick its paws or jump out of the beaker was taken as reaction time (in seconds). Before treatment, the reaction time was taken once. Each of the test mice was treated with either distilled water (DW), Ketorolac (2.5 mg/kg of body weight) or methanol extract of Mentha spicata at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight orally. Thirty minutes after treatment, the reaction time of each group of mice were again e valuated five times individually in one hour intervals.   The second test administered was acetic acid induced writhing test.   Writhing test is a chemical method used to induce pain by injecting acetic acid into the mice.   The acetic acid was injected into the body cavity to create the pain sensation.   Ketorolac (10 mg/kg) was used as a standard. The plant extract was administered orally in two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) to the Swiss Albino mice after an overnight fast. Test samples and vehicle were administered orally 30 minutes prior to intraperitoneal administration of 0.7% v/v acetic acid solution at 10 ml/kg body weight. Animals were kept individually under glass jar for observation. Each mouse of all groups were observed individually for counting the number of writhing they made in 5minutes beginning 5 minutes after the injection.   The number of writhes in each treated group was compared to that of a control group (Distilled water). The hot plate test produced significant analgesic effect when using the methanol extract of Mentha spicata.   The extract significantly increased the reaction time of the mice when exposed to the heat.   The writhing test showed significant analgesic results as well and was comparable to that of the standard (66.66%).   The Brewers yeast proved positive effects of fever, and the carrageenan-induced paw edema proved that Mentha spicata is effective in treating inflammation. The authors conclude that Mentha spicata proves to show significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.   They state that further investigation is necessary to find the active component of the extract in order to confirm the action in the development of a potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. This study is lacking in the amount of mice tested.   I would like to see a more wide range of subjects tested as well.   Although the number of mice tested is limited, the study is still of interest. First, all the results were in favor of the testing purposes.   This is interesting because it means that the medicinal properties are probably correct and would therefore be a good alternative to treating such ailments. And second, most people will at some point or another in their life suffer from pain, inflammation or fever.  Ã‚   This treatment would be a good alternative to medications that can have potential bad side effects and therefore reducing additional ailments and complications that need to be treated.   References Yousuf, P. (2013). Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effect of Mentha spicata (Spearmint). British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,3(4), 854-864. doi:10.9734/bjpr/2013/4640

The Creation of Encyclopedia :: History Philosophy Philosophers essays

The Creation of Encyclopedia Webster's New World Dictionary defines the Enlightenment as "an 18th-century European philosophical movement characterized by rationalism, an impetus toward learning, and a spirit of skepticism and empiricism in social and political thought." During this period of enlightenment, the way the world was viewed changed in a large part because of the group of philosophers known as the philosophes. During the Enlightenment the greatest philosophical movement of the philosophes was the creation of the Encylopedie ou Dicionnaire raisonne des sciences des arts et des mà ©tiers, or in English; the rational dictionary of the sciences, the arts and the crafts, otherwise known as the Encyclopedia. The philosophe's encyclopedia is regarded so highly because it brought about a new way of thinking, an enlightened way of thinking. The encyclopedia, according to the Electric Library, dates back to Aristotle and his attempts at compiling large amounts of information. Other encyclopedia's were written after Aristotle's attempt, including one that was published just a few years before the philosophe's Encyclopedia, the Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia. (1) According to the Denis Diderot History web page, the Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia was the inspiration for the philosophe's Encyclopedia. The intention was to create a French translation of the Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia, but when Denis Diderot was hired as editor, the outlook of the Encyclopedia changed. Diderot did not want a mere translation; instead he wanted an encyclopedia that would "enlighten and explain every aspect of existence." (1) Denis Diderot and another editor, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, a noted scientist and mathematician, started working on the Encyclopedia in 1745. Among the many responsibilities of creating such a big compilation of knowledge, was finding authors to write the Encyclopedia. To accomplish this task, Diderot and d'Alembert employed the services of some of the greatest minds of the time: people like Voltaire, Turgot, Quesnay, d'Holbach, Montesquieu, Buffon, and Rousseau. Robert Morrissey summed up the philosophes efforts by saying that, "these great minds (and some lesser ones) collaborated in the goal of assembling and disseminating in clear, accessible prose the fruits of accumulated knowledge and learning." (2) The Encyclopedia itself consists of seventeen volumes with a total of roughly 72,000 articles and 16,500 pages. According to Morrisey, "the typical article includes the head word, its part of speech and gender, the category of knowledge to which the article belongs (e.

Benefits of Drinking Coffee and the Benefits of Green Tea Essay

Compare and contrast the benefits of drinking coffee with the benefits of green tea? It is nice to have a cup of hot drink in the morning, there are many options which to choose, such as coffee and green tea, two famous drinks in the world. They have different effects on body, and could prevent different kind of diseases, one similarity thing is both of them contain Caffeine. Coffee could effects on body, prevent diseases and contain vast caffeine. Your muscle strength will be stronger after you drink coffee because of caffeine, coffee couldn’t make you fatter, but if you put sugar into your coffee, it will make your stature fatter, and almost everyone put sugar in theirs coffee. According to Brian Fung (2012, July 3rd), â€Å"We are learned that coffee can protect your heart, reduce the risk of prostate and breast cancer, and curb the risk of fibrosis among those with fatty liver disease.† Drink coffee is not a preferred option before you go to bed, because of the caffeine, it could stronger refresh you, so it better to drink it in the morning. Green tea could make you body slim, prevent diseases and contain caffeine. An antioxidants called catechins was found in green tea, it could inhibits the cholesterol produce, decrease the cholesterol content could make you body healthy. According to Leslie Beck (2011, July 5th), â€Å"It’s a beverage that’s touted to boost metabolism, prevent cancer, ease arthritis pain, even fight dental cavities. Now, new study findings suggest there’s one more reason to drink green tea: It lowers blood cholesterol.† If somebody was drunk, green tea could help you get out of that bad condition because the caffeine that in green tea could boost metabolism. In conclusion, different people have different opinions, both coffee and tea is benefit for us. So what drinks is not important, the important thing is to understand yourself and find an appropriate drink. References Fung, Brian. (2012, July 3rd). The Case for Coffee: All the latest research to defend your caffeine addiction, in one place. The Atlantic . Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/07/the-case-for-coffee-all-the-latest-research-to-defend-your-caffeine-addiction-in-one-place/259404/#.UGODjDyjSBw.email Beck, Leslie. (2011, July 5th). Why green should be your cup of tea. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/why-green-should-be-your-cup-of-tea/article4210709/

Measuring Entrepreneurship

A strong inclination continues to be present, especially among the professionals managing enterprise development to measure entrepreneurship through some techniques. These measurement efforts can vary from plain checklists going up to intricate and exhaustive computer programs. (Defining Entrepreneurship) Achievements in business can be equivocal. You might flag off with the most excellent of intent in mind, recognize objectives, fix targets, build plans and implement them. At times you pull off the preferred result, however on other occasions deficiencies do happen without in fact knowing the cause. The feedback gives the measurement, which is vital for reviewing the advancement and making the enhancements, as also running strategy and providing the proposed outcomes. (Measuring Their Results) In order to measure business achievement, the most usual procedure employed is monetary valuation. The achievement of the entrepreneur is measured on the basis of his personal and business valuation. The extremity of this would be the assessment of an entrepreneur†s publicly traded company. Nevertheless, only financial valuation is by no way a suitable measure of entrepreneurial achievement. A lot of smart individuals, business owners and people who are not associated with business also, measure their achievement on the basis of the amount of money they put aside from the yearly incomes. In this manner, somebody whose yearly income is $1, 00,000, but putting aside $20,000 may think they are smarter compared to someone whose income is double the amount but able to put aside only $25,000. The financial achievement of an entrepreneur is ideally measured by concentrating on the company†s profits for the year. Some sanction might be made for the extent of investment the company makes toward future growth and profits, such that a company is not fined for investing in the future. (Measuring Success in Small Business and Entrepreneurship) Financial analysts always attempt forecasting the earnings of the company. Apart from profits, a lot of other measures of achievement are available that can be assessed by going though the various financial statements of the company. Rising profit margins, loans repayments, increasing advertisement effectiveness are some of the instances. Under every situation, the entrepreneur must contrast the performance of the current year with that of the previous year. The entrepreneur must observe the sales growth, the number of new clients and so on. Ed. Martin belonging to About. com Guide to Small Business refers that expansion is one important reason representing the long-term existence of an entrepreneur. Only those enterprises that expand have a long-term existence. Several entrepreneurs measure their achievement by their company†s rank within the industry. Measuring Success in Small Business and Entrepreneurship) However, for the majority of the small businesses, rank within the industry although significant, is hard to hunt out. However, in case you are one of the leaders in your category within the industry, then an entrepreneur is likely to be thriving. The above constitutes the more conservative measures of entrepreneurial achievement. But they are short of the just the only measures employed by the entrepreneurs. One of the most excellent achievements is the quality of the products you offer. Becoming proud of the products, intently feeling about its utility, and providing significant enhancements in your company†s products and services are major reasons rendering a lot of entrepreneurs experience genuine success. Customer satisfaction, whether measured by customer surveys or recurring business is yet another measure of success. If the customers see that your products have utility and like buying your products, the future achievement of your company regardless of the manner of its measurement is more expected to be guaranteed. Satisfaction of the employees is an added measure of achievement. The flourishing entrepreneurs are likely to have a workforce who is proud to be employed with the company. Think about what your company has contributed for its employees round the year. Of course any internal enhancements made within the company renders your company more profitable and the reason to commemorate. Majority of the entrepreneur who has attained success feel proud of the daily functional improvements. Achievement is also measured by your performance within your company. Hence entrepreneurial achievement has a lot of features and capable of measurement in a lot of ways. It can be attained by introducing a flourishing business, accomplishing considerable monetary benefits, or achieving a sense of individual accomplishment. It can even be a consequence from surmounting an intimidating challenge, learning from hardship, and creating a concrete professional standing. (Success Stories) Are there any means to find out if they can be a successful entrepreneur, or they can live comfortably in a job? Unfortunately, there is no recipe for becoming victorious. But, nearly every successful entrepreneur share the uniqueness stated below: Successful entrepreneurs believe success. To achieve the type of success which they so desire they think big. Every account of successful episode begins with big dreams. Successful entrepreneurs have big dreams for themselves which they would like to be someone who is affluent, famous or accomplished. They posses a distinct mental picture of what they would like to be. However, the matter doesn†t end there in dreams alone. They enthusiastically envisage success in their mental plane, which they can nearly experience it, feel it or it is well within their control. They execute this mental picture at every chance. What is the feeling when the current income grows three times as more? How will their lives transform? What will their business appear in case they attained the million-dollar point? (10 Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurs) Successful entrepreneurs have an openness mindset and a belief in themselves that they can achieve what they aspire if they can just imagine it as the initial move on the road of action to having it. Management leaders have taught us the power of dreams – seeing themselves in their mind as having achieved their dreams. Moreover, the path of visualizing success for them was a routine activity. The entrepreneurs who are successful consider themselves to be successful throughout their waking periods. A personal improvement guide shared her secret to assist her regularly envision her goals every passing moment: while going up the stairs, spell out their goals while treading every step they take. Successful entrepreneurs remain obsessive with what they accomplish. This is to initiate a business, to transform any or every segment of their life. To achieve this modification, they grow or unleash a deep, individual passion to alter the situation and to live life in its full. Success is easier to attain when people love their activities. What might be the reason for this? Since we are increasingly persistent in our search for goals regarding matters we love. In case we harbor revulsion regarding our job at the moment, we may not be ever victorious at all, not also after a million years might have elapsed. Entrepreneurs might tread wearily, also they might turn into experts in the activities, but they will at no point be a great success at all. Their achievement will reach a summit and perform to attain success only when they are doing something which appeals them most or something they care about. Entrepreneurs attaining success do not regret toiling 15 to 18 hours per day devoting to their businesses since they love what they perform. Achievement in business comes with patience and diligence that can solely be achieved when they are obsessive and fanatical with their responsibilities and actions. 10 Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurs) Successful entrepreneurs concentrate on their strong points. Everybody has his or her own strengths and weaknesses. To be efficient, successful entrepreneurs recognize their strengths and focus on it. They attain more success, if they are capable to guide their endeavors into spheres in which they perform superlatively. In business, for instance, once they are aware that they possess good marketing sense, they exploit this strength and take optimum use of it. Successful entrepreneurs look forward for help or support in spheres in which they might be lagging like accounting or bookkeeping. To convert their weakness to strength, they think about taking practical learning or formal training. In the minds of successful entrepreneurs, the probability of disappointment never comes. Ayn Rand, in her novel The Fountainhead, penned: – It is far from the instincts of human beings or of any living organism for that matter, to begin by losing all hopes. As an entrepreneur, successful entrepreneurs are completely confident about their objectives, and that they are certain about it. Successful entrepreneurs believe that what they are accomplishing will play a significant part in the improvement of their surroundings and their own self. They repose an ardent belief in their concepts, their potential and their own self. They have a 100% confidence within themselves and the potential to identify and satisfy them. With increasing growth of belief regarding their capability to attain their objectives, they achieve with increasing rapidity. Nevertheless their confidence is equated with planned risks they must shoulder to attain higher accolades. Successful entrepreneurs can be said to those who examine and ensure risk minimization in the quest for profits. They subscribe to the view â€Å"no guts, no glory. † (10 Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurs) Successful entrepreneurs make their planning in view of that. They possess a vision, and they are loaded with sufficient belief within themselves that they can be successful in their vision. However, are they aware the manner in which to reach their vision? In order to accomplish their vision, they have actual objectives which will give the launching pad towards their final vision. Successful entrepreneurs write down their objectives; and failing to do such merely makes them as elusive daydreams. They make a programming of each day in such a manner that their every action goes into inching towards their vision. They envision themselves as being the upcoming Martha Stewart of hand-made home furnishing fame? Maybe today, they visualize an artist to support them have an idea regarding the new range of hand-made linens which they expect to introduce. Strong direction of goal is the quality of every successful entrepreneur. They possess a vision and they have knowledge the manner in which to attain it. Their capability to frame objectives and concretize plans for their attainment is the expertise necessary to emerge successful. They stick strongly to planning in the absence of which disappointment is assured. Successful entrepreneurs go to every extreme to work. Every successful entrepreneurs toil very hard. No body attains success merely by being comfortable in a chair and blankly looking at the wall throughout the day. According to Brian Tracy, they toil daily for eight hours for existence; anything in excess of eight hours is definitely towards success. Check with any successful businessperson and will divulge instantly that were engaged more than 60 hours every week during launching phase of their business. Successful entrepreneurs are ready to utter a definite no to beyond office drinks daily, or a usual travel during the weekend. In case they are in a nascent stage, they are totally attached to their business till the point it is able to get up on its feet. Toiling hard will be simple as they possess a vision, transparent objectives and are obsessive with what they perform. Successful entrepreneurs are always seeking means to network. 10 Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurs) In the arena of business, they are rated by the people with whom they are associated- from their management team, board of directors, and strategic partners. For running a business there is always the urgency for support and this is more pronounced in case of small businesses. Perhaps the gentlewomen they came across in a trade association meeting can assist them assure financial support, or the man at a seminar can extend them with a management guidance. Successful entrepreneurs create coalitions with people who can support them and whom they can also reciprocate their support. To achieve in business, they possess excellent networking expertise and all the time are cautious about the scope to enlarge their acquaintances. Successful entrepreneurs are keen to learn. It is not mandatory that they are armed with a MBA degree or a PhD qualification to be successful in their business. Examples abound about several entrepreneurs who did not cross the threshold of secondary education and yet went on to be successful. It has been revealed by researches that a majority of millionaires who charted their own success had normal intelligence. Even so, these individuals attained their zenith, realized their monetary and personal objectives in their respective businesses, as they never turned away their face from learning. In order to achieve success they were eager to put questions, be inquisitive, keen, and have an open mind to new knowledge. This eagerness to learn comes to be more important due to the speedy modifications in technologies and methods of accomplishing businesses. Successful entrepreneurs have keep on trying and possess confidence. Nobody holds that the path to success is rosy. Regardless of their good motives and diligence, occasionally they are chances of failure. Several entrepreneurs had experienced holdups and huge beating, also insolvency, however coped up and emerge victorious in their respective disciplines. Their guts to stick around in the midst of hardships and the potential to stage a turnaround following a short period of lull guarantee their achievement. They learn how to tie the loose ends and gather themselves and resume from scratch. Their doggedness is the measure of their confidence in their inner being. Bear in mind, they keep at it and none is able to impede them. Successful entrepreneurs know the art of self-discipline. At some point of time Thomas Huxley stated, â€Å"Do what they must perform, when they must perform it, regardless of they prefer it or not. † (10 Secrets of Successful Entrepreneurs) The watchword to success is self-discipline. The power of willpower to compel them to pay the price of success – performing what other would be sloth in doing, staying ahead in race compared to others, combating and emerging triumphant in the lonely struggle with their self. Prof. John B. Miner of State University of New York conducted research the findings of which revealed which of the entrepreneurs† attained success and who fell short. Ultimately he segmented the thriving entrepreneurs into four separate â€Å"personalities†, and evaluated the strategies each category applied to achieve success. The four different types of personalities propounded by him are The Personal Achiever, The Super Salesperson, The Real Manager and The Expert Idea Generator. What do these indicate? Personal achievers are the ones who think about an urgency to be successful in their lives. They are the â€Å"typical† idea of an entrepreneur which a lot of people cultivate. They shower a huge amount of vigor into their companies, and do not harbor any reservations about devoting extended hours to work that might be expected of them. They prefer to move towards a target according to a plan for future success, and wish to receive feedback regarding their actions. They think that they can be in charge of their own lives, and none else have the power over them. Bill Gates almost certainly a superb illustration of a powerful â€Å"personal achiever† It is evident that he thinks a powerful psychological urgency to attain his objectives. This comes to be rather obvious when you go through his history prior to his founding Microsoft Corporation. He pushed to the very extreme regardless of whatever he performed, and turned into an overachiever. Anita Roddick, who began the Body Shop, might also be the same. (Four Types of Successful Entrepreneurs – Some Details) The founder of Southwest Airlines Herb Kelleher in 1967 is one more instance. Triumphing several extremely hard initial years, the company has grown to be one of America†s top ten airlines and not like any other airline in the industry, through applying some very innovative ideas and a distinctive approach to its functioning, it has achieved 29 consecutive years of profitability. Even though Herb was earlier a trained lawyer, he has been successful in inculcating an entrepreneurial energy all through his organization and is regarded by several in the current era to be one of the most brilliant business leaders in America. His singular endeavors have played a significant part in the profitability of Southwest Airlines. The next group of Super salespeople has a huge amount of compassion in store for others. They have an inclination towards social atmospheres and people in groups, and they understand the value of relationships tremendously. They think selling as an important constituent of business. An outstanding illustration of Super Salesperson is almost certainly Ross Perot who plunged into the world of sales emerging as one of the most successful salespeople at IBM, thereafter quit IBM to launch his own company named as Electronic Data Systems –EDS. Thirdly, the Real Manager is the ‘assume-charge† categories. They are leaders in the corporate world; they might prosper in companies, and begin entrepreneurship from those categories or ranks. Their potency is managing corporations into major growth. Michael Bloomberg maybe an instance of a Real Manager. He started his career with Salomon Brothers for 16 years. In that company he was in charge of equity trading and sales department and subsequently became the chief of the systems development. He was retrenched during 1981 and then started Bloomberg. Finally, the Expert Idea Generator constitutes the genuine ideas guys. They conceive new products, discover new positions, and continue to be genuine leading lights. A brilliant illustration will be Jim Clark, who started Silicon Graphics, Netscape, and Healtheon. Besides, the people who established Apple Computers Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak almost likely to come into this group also. However, triumphant entrepreneurs are narrowed down to be included to these four groups. Moreover, several people will have the characteristics of more than a single category. However, these groups can be thought provoking. (Four Types of Successful Entrepreneurs – Some Details) To conclude, you have to look to just four things for emerging successful as an entrepreneur: First of all is vision. The concept- as you will see while you come across the next point on expressiveness – it is not necessary to be outstanding, however, an idea must be present. A lot of people possess the ability to generate product ideas, frequently by identifying uncovered market wants. Other people regrettably do not possess this capability. Second is persistence and sticking around. There are a lot of entrepreneurs attempting to capture the same markets. The people who emerge successful possess the power to keep it up. Moreover, above all, they possess the potential on the theme in their control without dissuading thoughts or episodes worrying them. Nothing is able to dissuade them. Successful entrepreneurs are frequently found to be bachelors. The third factor is expressiveness and control. I believe that expressiveness/control is crucial to business entrepreneurial achievement. It might be included under the caption Emotional Intelligence as more and more research favors the concept that individuals having high Emotional Intelligence turn out to be more successful entrepreneurs compared to those with low Emotional Intelligence. Expressiveness is regarded as a higher ability compared to sales potential. It is a thorough knowledge of the psychology of urging and swaying. Fourth is the capability to have an idea with regard to finances. The only means to check business liquidation is to have a thorough knowledge of cash flow, capital structures, and the process to go through financial statements. Completely understanding finances even has another crucial role: in money matters, do not trust anybody.

Apparent altruism in non-human animals Essays

Apparent altruism in non-human animals Essays Apparent altruism in non-human animals Essay Apparent altruism in non-human animals Essay Altruism can be described as an act or behavior in which is advantageous to another but at a cost to the organism carrying it out. Apparent altruism is the concept that although a behavior may seem to be fully altruistic or selfless, there is actually a benefit gained by the individual implementing the act. Charles Darwin, he who initially presented the Theory of Evolution in 1859, was bewildered about the reasons in why altruism occurs between animals. Part of his problem was that he did not have any knowledge concerning genetics. He believed that all characteristics in living organisms were solely passed on by a process of blending. He also believed that individuals lived to reproduce. Hence, if a parent, say a mother bear, were to protect her cubbased on his theory it would not benefit her in any way, as it would not increase her ability to reproduce later on. After Darwin passed away, however, many theories emerged and became the many explanations in why altruism takes place in n on-human animals. One of the great problems of Darwins theory of evolution was its incapability to justify the development of the queen bee and sterile worker bees. How could such a group evolve if its members could leave no offspring to breed the sterile worker traits? In 1963, Hamilton resolved Darwins paradox by presenting the Kin Selection Theory. His theory states that any individual that pass on genes to the future generations is performed, not only by means of their own reproductive success, but also by improving the reproductive potential of their relatives. Hamilton (1963) established the term inclusive fitness to describe the degree to which apparent altruism is shown depending on the genetic relatedness between individuals. The relatedness between a parent and a child is 1/2 (as the child will inherit half of each parents gene); siblings relatedness is 1/2, also regarded as offspring equivalents; a grandparent and a grandchild, 1/4, and so on. According to this theory, the closer the inclus ive fitness, the greater the cooperation and altruism. Kin Selection explains situations such as the reproductive altruism in social insects. Female worker bees forgo their reproduction ability to nurse queens young. By doing so, they increase their inclusive fitness by more than 1/4 (however always less than 1/2, as it would never reach to the mother-daughter point). This would seem more reasonable than if any female worker bees decided to leave the hive, reproduce on her own and in the end, losing all of her inclusive fitness to zero as a result of losing all protection, warmth and food from her hive. In 1981, Sherman observed Kin altruism between Beldings ground squirrels. It was such that close-related squirrels (such as mother-daughter, sister-sister relationships) did not show any aggressive behavior towards each other; it was even observed that they often helped each other in defending their young ones and sign alarm calls at the sight of predators, while unrelated females were observed to be highly aggressive. In North Mexico, female nurse prairie dogs feed offspring belonging to her siblings. The female prairie dogs give up resources belonging to them and provide it their siblings offspring because as they keep them fed and fit, she increases her inclusive fitness. The male prairie dogs, in the meanwhile, sit on the burrow rim and give warning barks to help others escape from predators. He, by giving these alarm signals, would not only increase his inclusive fitness (helping the females and offspring be alarmed and escape), but may also receive a reciprocal favor by others later in the future. This can be explained by another theory found by Trivers (1971) known as Reciprocal Altruism. Reciprocal altruism is the process by which an individual will perform an altruistic act towards another in exchange for the second individual returning the altruistic favor some time in the future. The end result of this exchange leaves both individuals with an increased personal fitness. Wilkinson (1984) observed altruism performed between Vampire bats. They regurgitated food for one another in hoping to build up a relationship based on mutual exchanges of favor. If ever a bat would not return a favor, the cost of being denied a meal having once cheated is very high. Trivers was aware of the possibilities, hence he indicated that reciprocal altruism would only evolve in species where individuals could recognize each other and apply punishments to those who refuse to reciprocate. The tit for tat strategy (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981) works by each animal responding so that a cooperative behavior is followed by a cooperative behavior, and a defection is followed equally by mutual defection, as happens among bats. Sentry meerkats risks attack by giving alarm calls to others. This act will cost danger in his part, perhaps even death; however, it is assumed that the act will be reciprocated in the future. Young male baboons without mates will work together to steal a dominant males mate (Packer 1977): one baboon distracting the dominant male while the other mates. The cost to the baboon (the risk of being injured by the dominant male) is far outweighed by the genetic benefit gained by the baboon mating. However, later on, when the male, which carried out the previous altruistic act, is ready, the second baboon will return the favor by being the distraction. Mutualism, or return effects, occurs where individuals will cooperate and help one another because as a team, they can achieve more than working alone. Caraco and Wolf (1975) observed a mutual effect between lionesses; they hunt together to bring down wildebeests. Induced altruism- also referred to manipulation or social parasitism-is the act of asking for help from others and utilize it as a tactic aimed at cheating. Brood Parasitism, the laying of eggs in another birds nest, is an example of induced altruism performed by cuckoos and a number of other species (Davies and Brooke 1991). Beetle grub begs for food from the passing ant and then preys on them. Aspidontus, a fish whose appearance resembles the cleaner fish Labroides, instead of cleaning the host fish, approaches and bites into its flesh. Charles Darwin was aware that his theory of evolution contained flaws; he did not manage to understand the reasons why altruism occurred; why an individual would carry out a certain act or behavior to help others while, in the meantime, disadvantaging themselves. However, with the help from Hamilton, Trivers, Wilkinson and other researchers, we can now apply the knowledge of genetics that we possess today, and, to a certain extent, explain and justify the reasons of altruism. Research has indicated that for apparent altruism to occur, there must be something in return; compensations such as a genetic reward (increasing their inclusive fitness, key: Kin Altruism), or a long-term reward for the individual involved (personal fitness or self-interest, key: Reciprocal Altruism). But do animals always require something in return in order for them to act out a good deed? Well, there are instances in which true altruism occurs, but it is merely on a non-voluntary or mistaken basis due to som e kind of deception or manipulation (Induced Altruism) but other than that, we can pretty much assume that animals are down right selfish.

Dynamic Analysis of Malware Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dynamic Analysis of Malware - Research Paper Example A function comprises of a code that executes a certain task like creating a file or calculating factorial value of a number. In the use of functions easy code re-usability, and easier maintenance can result. The property that makes functions interesting for program analysis is that they are usually used to abstract from execution particulars to a semantically richer representation. For example, so long as the outcome corresponds to the sorted input, the particular algorithm which a sort function implements might not be essential. When it comes to analyzing code, such abstractions help in gaining an overview of the behavior of the program when analyzing a code. By intercepting these calls, one can monitor what functions are called by a program. Hooking is the process of intercepting function calls. A hook function is invoked when the analyzed program is manipulated in addition to the anticipated function (Hunt, Thomas, & Cunningham, 1999). Application Programming Interface (API) This hook function is responsible for putting into action the necessary analysis functionality like analyzing its input parameters or recording its stats to a log file. Application Programming Interface (API) are groups of functions that form a logical set of functionality, like communicating over the network or file manipulation. In most cases, operating systems provide several APIs that can be used by applications to perform familiar tasks and can be found on diverse layers of abstraction. The term API on windows OS, refers to a set of APIs which give access to varying functional groupings like system services, networking, management and security (Leyden, 2001). System Calls System calls is usually categorized into two, and it is the software execution on computer systems which run commodity of the shelf OS. These two categories are user-mode and kernel-mode. User-mode is used in executing general applications like image manipulation programs or word processors. The only code that is executed in kernel-mode has direct entry to the system state. This partition prohibits the user-mode process from interacting with the system and its environment. For example, since it is impossible to create or directly open a file for a user-space process, the operating system (OS) provides a unique well defined API-the system call interface. A user-mode application is able to request the OS to perform a small set of tasks on its behalf, by using system calls. A user-mode application has to invoke the precise system-call showing the file’s path, name and access method in order to create a file. As soon as the system call is invoked, it is changed into kernel-mode. The OS carries out the task on behalf of the user-mode applications when there are enough access rights for the desired action upon verification (Nick, 2006). Anubis Anubis is a critical component/tool which is used for studying/analyzing Windows PE-executable’s behavior, main focus being on malware analysis. Anubis execution results in the making of report files that have enough information, thus enabling a user to have a clear idea about the use and actions of the analyzed binary. The report has detailed data regarding enhancements made to the Windows registry or file system. This analysis relays on running and watching the binary in an emulated environment. The